Xanthine Derivatives are drugs that share structural similarities with naturally occurring xanthines like caffeine, theobromine, and methylxanthines. These compounds are plant-derived alkaloids found in common beverages and foods such as coffee, tea, and chocolate.

Pharmacologically, Xanthines primarily work by inhibiting phosphodiesterase enzymes in tissues, leading to increased levels of cyclic AMP within cells due to reduced breakdown. Additionally, xanthines act as antagonists at adenosine receptors. They may also exhibit anti-inflammatory properties through mechanisms such as the release of anti-inflammatory signaling molecules, modulation of gene expression, or activation of histone deacetylase. These combined actions contribute to their effects on the bronchial passages, causing smooth muscle relaxation.

Consequently, Xanthine Derivatives are mainly used to alleviate bronchospasms associated with conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Theophylline is the most frequently prescribed xanthine in this context.